The Kohinoor diamond—a name that evokes awe, admiration, and controversy. This legendary gem, one of the largest and most famous diamonds in the world, is not just a symbol of wealth and royalty. It’s also the center of mystery, political debate, and an alleged curse that has haunted its male owners for centuries.
But who are the true owners of the Kohinoor diamond? And is there any truth to the curse that surrounds it?
In this comprehensive guide, we’ll explore the origin of the Kohinoor, trace its journey through history, investigate the so-called Kohinoor curse, and examine the claims made by India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and others to this priceless jewel.
What is the Kohinoor Diamond?
The Kohinoor, also spelled Koh-i-Noor, means “Mountain of Light” in Persian. Originally weighing 793 carats before being cut, it is now a 105.6-carat diamond that currently sits in the British Crown Jewels, mounted in the Queen Mother’s crown and displayed in the Tower of London.
The Mysterious Origin of the Kohinoor
The Kohinoor is believed to have been mined in Golconda, a region in present-day Telangana, India, which was renowned for its diamond mines. Its exact discovery date is unknown, but historical references suggest the diamond may have existed as early as the 13th century.
It first appeared in the hands of the Kakatiya dynasty, then passed on to the Delhi Sultanate, Mughals, Persians, Afghans, Sikhs, and finally, the British Empire.
Journey of the Kohinoor Diamond Through History
1. Mughal Empire
The diamond became part of the Mughal treasury and adorned the famous Peacock Throne of Shah Jahan. It was described in the annals of Persian chroniclers and Mughal historians.
2. Persian Invasion
In 1739, Nader Shah of Persia invaded Delhi and took the diamond as war booty. Upon seeing it, he is said to have exclaimed “Koh-i-Noor,” giving the gem its modern name.
3. Afghan Rulers
After Nader Shah’s assassination, the diamond passed to his general Ahmad Shah Durrani, founder of the Durrani Empire in Afghanistan. It stayed with Afghan rulers for several decades.
4. Maharaja Ranjit Singh and the Sikh Empire
The diamond returned to India in the early 19th century when Shah Shuja Durrani, the deposed Afghan king, sought refuge in Lahore and gave the diamond to Maharaja Ranjit Singh in exchange for help.
Ranjit Singh possessed the diamond until his death in 1839.
5. The British East India Company
After the annexation of Punjab in 1849 following the Second Anglo-Sikh War, the British seized the diamond from the 11-year-old Maharaja Duleep Singh under the terms of the Treaty of Lahore.
It was presented to Queen Victoria, marking the beginning of its modern association with the British monarchy.
The Kohinoor Curse: Fact or Fiction?
One of the most enduring legends surrounding the diamond is its curse. According to folklore:
“He who owns the Kohinoor will own the world, but will also know all its misfortunes. Only God or a woman can wear it with impunity.”
Is the Curse Real?
Throughout its history, nearly every male ruler who possessed the Kohinoor met a tragic end:
- Nader Shah was assassinated.
- Ahmad Shah Durrani’s descendants were dethroned or killed.
- Ranjit Singh’s empire collapsed shortly after his death.
- Duleep Singh lived a sorrowful life in exile.
- Even British monarchs ensured only queens wore the diamond.
Whether coincidence or curse, the Kohinoor has left a trail of downfall and doom in its wake.
Who Are the True Owners of the Kohinoor?
1. India’s Claim
India has repeatedly demanded the return of the Kohinoor, claiming it was illegally taken during colonial rule. Indian historians argue that the diamond symbolizes the exploitation of India by the British Empire.
The Archaeological Survey of India and several political leaders maintain that the diamond rightfully belongs in India’s national treasury or museum.
2. Pakistan’s Claim
Pakistan also claims ownership, asserting that the diamond was seized from the Lahore treasury after the fall of the Sikh Empire. Since Lahore is now part of Pakistan, they argue that the diamond was stolen from Pakistani soil.
3. Afghanistan’s Claim
Afghanistan bases its claim on the fact that Ahmad Shah Durrani brought the Kohinoor from Persia to Kabul. Afghan officials have, on several occasions, demanded its return.
4. The British Position
The British government maintains that the diamond was acquired legally under the Treaty of Lahore, signed by the then-Maharaja Duleep Singh. British officials often cite this as a legitimate transfer rather than looting.
However, critics argue that the treaty was signed under duress, with a child monarch acting as a puppet of the British.
Legal Battles and Global Debate
Several petitions have been filed in international courts and Indian Supreme Court to demand the return of the Kohinoor. In 2016, India’s Solicitor General shocked many by stating the diamond was “gifted to the British,” a statement that was later retracted due to public backlash.
The UNESCO Convention of 1970, which prohibits the illicit import, export, and transfer of ownership of cultural property, does not apply retroactively, making legal action challenging.
Cultural and Political Significance
For India and other claimant nations, the Kohinoor represents more than just a diamond. It stands for:
- Colonial exploitation.
- Loss of sovereignty.
- Historical injustice.
Its return is seen by many as symbolic reparation for centuries of subjugation.
For Britain, it is part of a shared imperial legacy, and returning it could set a precedent for returning other artifacts taken during colonial times—such as the Elgin Marbles or Benin Bronzes.
Kohinoor in Popular Culture
The Kohinoor diamond has inspired:
- Books like Koh-i-Noor: The History of the World’s Most Infamous Diamond by William Dalrymple.
- Documentaries and TV series exploring its curse and controversy.
- Bollywood films referencing or fictionalizing its history.
Its tale combines intrigue, drama, betrayal, and imperial politics—making it a compelling symbol of both beauty and tragedy.
Should the Kohinoor Be Returned?
The answer depends on perspective:
- From a legal standpoint, the British claim it was obtained through treaty.
- From a moral standpoint, many argue it symbolizes theft and oppression.
- From a diplomatic standpoint, returning the diamond could improve relations but also open the floodgates for further repatriation claims.
Ultimately, the Kohinoor diamond’s fate remains a hot topic in global cultural politics.
Conclusion: A Jewel of Many Stories
The Kohinoor diamond is more than a priceless gemstone. It is a symbol of contested history, a possible curse, and a subject of ongoing international debate.
Whether it ever returns to its place of origin is uncertain. But its story—spanning empires, wars, betrayals, and dynasties—will continue to fascinate the world for generations.
FAQs
1. Where is the Kohinoor diamond now?
The Kohinoor is currently part of the British Crown Jewels, kept in the Tower of London.
2. Is the Kohinoor diamond cursed?
Legends suggest that the diamond brings misfortune to male owners, a belief supported by historical patterns.
3. Who originally discovered the Kohinoor diamond?
The diamond is believed to have been mined in Golconda, India, possibly during the 13th century.
4. Who legally owns the Kohinoor diamond?
The British Royal Family claims legal ownership based on the Treaty of Lahore (1849), though many contest the legitimacy of this transfer.
5. Will the Kohinoor diamond be returned to India?
As of now, there is no official plan to return the Kohinoor, despite demands from India and other nations.